Identity can be achieved by macro and microscopical examinations. Adulterants are usually substandard varieties of a crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared commodities. Adulteration with other materials standard crude drugs are partially adulterated with products that have no relation with the genuine drug and may or may not have any therapeutic or chemical component desired example. Adulteration of crude drugs adulteration is the debasement of genuine materials adulteration is done when there is scarcity of crude drugs or cost of the drug is high even though there is no scarcity the drug is either partially or completely substituted the adulterant used must be having same morphological characters as that of. Adulteration mold humidity free 30day trial scribd. Drugs such as sildenafil, tadafil, and vardenafil have been found in herbal products for sexual enhancement. Adulteration, therefore, may be referred to as a fraudulent activity or malpractice and is akin to cheating, whereas, substitution is not so. An adulterant is a substance found within other substances such as food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, fuel or other chemicals that compromises the safety or effectiveness of said substance it will not normally be present in any specification or declared contents of the substance, and may not be legally allowed. Microscopy is an important tool for authentification of crude drugs and study of powdered drugs 5.
Is the term substitution relevant to pharmacognosy and or. The increased use of herbal drugs, and concerns over their safety and efficacy have certainly augmented the need of standardization of these herbal drugs. Usually in crude drugs, this practice includes substitution of the original crude drugs partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical. Prior to the 1950s, every pharmacy student learned about crude drugs in pharmacognosy class. Substitution and adulteration are now become a very common practice, which makes global crude drug market. Adulteration of herbal medicines and associated health. The motives behind the intentional adulteration are normally commercial one and originate mainly. Adulteration with other materials standard crude drugs are. Determination of biochemical variation in the drugs identification of deterioration due treatment and storage repoting substitution and adulteration, as result of carelessness, ignorance and fraud drug evaluation may be defined as the determination of identity, purity and quality of a.
Even now, however, some authorities continue to rely on little more than their senses to detect olive oil adulteration. Dilution increases the volume of urine produced which results in a much higher incidence of specimens with drugs in amounts below the cutoff level. Quality control of crude drugs material, plant preparations and finished products. Figure 2c the microstructure showed the pepper powder adulterated with monosodium glutamate mg particles that the arrow is pointing at, bar 0. Deterioration of herbal drugs besides being adulterated by different means as discussed earlier, the crude drugs are prone to deterioration on storage. The term adulteration of an article covers a number of conditions which may be intentional or accidental. Adulterating the crude drugs by any of the said conditions is considered undesirable in the crude drug industry. Conclusion the stem bark of saraca asoca is widely used in several ayurvedic preparations.
Evaluation of crude drug is necessary because of three reasons. Select proper source of crude drugs either wild or cultivated collect the crude drugs at appropriate time collect the required parts of the plants preparation of collected drugs by proper cleaning and drying properly preserve the crude drugs in order to avoid contamination due to microbes and against moisture, heat, air and. The petroleum products that are adulterated are mostly imported refined products which are ready for consumption. All such drugs, when offered for sale or consumption, are legally considered as adulterated. Ash simply represents the inorganic salts naturally occuring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as a form of adulteration. Definition of adulteration of crude drugs and its type. Physical, adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, chemical and biological methods and properties, microscopic introduction to active constituents of drugs.
Adulteration is as practice of substituting original crude drug partially or wholly with other similar looking substances, but the later is either free from or inferior in chemical or therapeutic properties. The petroleum product adulteration and its effect in nigeria. Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties. The addition of adulterants is called adulteration. Yet problems with drug quality continued, and in 1937 an elixir of sulphanilamide fatally poisoned 107 people because of the presence of diethylene glycol, a known. Since the birth of automotives in the 19th century, diesel and gasoline are used as the primary source of energy for vehicles, though. This is a rather most common practce of adulteration e. This adulteration can be prevented by means of various evaluation parameters like microscopic study. Crude drugs are unrefined medications in their raw or natural forms. The physical evaluation of crude drugs is accomplished by the determination of various physical constants using various physicochemical techniques.
A high ash value is an indication of contamination, substitution, adulteration in the crude drug. Study on the microscopic identification of the adulterated. Moreover, it is in fact a practice believed to be true by those involved with the researching of drug issues, the treatment and rehabilitation of drug users, the policing of drug users and the educating of drug users if. Intentional adulteration is a criminal act and punishable offense, usually in case of crude drug. Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications found in nature raising, harvesting and selling crude drugs was how many large pharmaceutical companies started out. Evalution of crude drug april 25, 2015 crude drug evaluation. The residue remaining after incineration of a known quantity of the air dried crude drug, is known as the ash content of the drug. Standardization should be either carried out in consultation with the customer or a customer should know if an essential oil has been standardized. Standardization of crude drugs is a code of conduct and an essential need of a time. The common physical constants used to evaluate crude drugs and their extracted chemical principles include specific gravity particularly of the fats and volatile oils and some crude drugs as. Adulteration of petroleum products is the mixing of pure products with other substances thus interfering with the quality and normal behavior of the products.
The term adulteration of an article covers a number of conditions which may be intentional or accidental 2, 3. Drinking large volumes of just about any nontoxic waterbased liquid will dilute urine. A primer on adulteration of essential oils zemvelo care. Adulteration in crude drug types and evaluation parameter. Standardization and adulteration of essential oils standardization is a process to alter the composition of essential oil to bring its constituents to a given standard. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical. Internal adulteration internal adulteration is the most common form of tampering, which causes specimen dilution. Increased risk of side effects like heart attack, stroke, chest pain, high blood pressure, and abnormal heart beat are associated with the usage of these drugs. The petroleum product adulteration and its effect in. It is apparent from the abovementioned definition that the term. Vegetative propagation can be defined as regeneration or formation of a new individual. Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. In 1981, more than 600 people died because of adulterated olive oil that contained rapeseed oil and aniline, causing a huge scandal.
Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management. It is determined by using sodium vapor lamp at 25 0 c. Pdf who guidelines for standardization of herbal drugs. Optical rotation is determined by the polarimeter certain crude drugs can rotate plane of polarized light to right dextrorotatory drug or to left laevorotatory drugs. In addition to the most common chemical adulterants listed in l table 1, the following adulterants. Reports on intentional adulteration of herbal medicines and dietary supplements with synthetic drugs were collected and are shown in l table 1. Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or.
The notion that street drugs have been adulterated diluted by all sorts of dangerous substances such as vim, ajax, groundglass, brickdust and even ratpoison is a common one. Adulteration it is a practice of substituting the original crude drug. To maintain quality of the crude drugs, it is necessary to. Evaluation of crude drug is necessary because of three main reasons. Herbal drugs are being used as medicines from ancient period.
The first statute to control the quality of drugs in the u. The conditions and duration of cultivation required vary depending on the quality of medicinal plant materials required. Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings. Adulteration of petroleum products in nigeria infoguide. Figure 2d the microstructure of the cumin powder, the arrows showed the fragments of fruit. Quality control of herbal drugs has traditionally been based on appearance and today microscopic evaluation is indispensable in the initial identification of herbs, as well as in identifying small fragments of crude or powdered herbs, and detection of foreign matter and adulterants. A crude drug is regarded as spoiled, when its quality or usefulness is so impaired or destroyed by the action of fungi, bacteria, insects and rodents as to render it unfit for human consumption. Differentiation of saraca asoca crude drug from its adulterant. Adulteration in market samples is one of the greatest drawbacks in promotion of herbal products.
The correct identity of the crude herbal material, or the botanical quality, is of prime importance in establishing the quality control of herbal drugs. Controlled incineration of crude drugs results in an ash residue consisting of an inorganic material metallic salts and silica. Adulteration and deterioration introduction the term adulteration or debasement of an article covers a number of conditions, which may be deliberate or accidental. Parameters for quality control of herbal drugs pharmatutor.
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